Identifying trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services delivery for land-use decisions.

Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.

Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.

Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.

Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.

Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.

Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.

Human(NO)
QY-E05308	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 361

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 74

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	EUR 165

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	EUR 205

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	EUR 317

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	EUR 585

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 74

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	EUR 165

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	EUR 205

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	EUR 317

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	EUR 585

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-001	GenDepot	10x1L	EUR 99

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-010	GenDepot	10L	EUR 84

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-050	GenDepot	50L	EUR 142

2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098046	Abbexa	EUR 258.00 EUR 189.00	2.5 ml 500 ul
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098047	Abbexa	EUR 258.00 EUR 189.00	2.5 ml 500 ul
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098053	Abbexa	EUR 272.00 EUR 189.00	2.5 ml 500 ul
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098054	Abbexa	EUR 300.00 EUR 203.00	2.5 ml 500 ul
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310010	GeneOn	1x500µl	EUR 133

GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310011	GeneOn	5x500µl	EUR 511

Ceraplex , No Phenol red
C3320-050	GenDepot	500ml	Ask for price

Human NO ELISA Kit
EHN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Goat NO ELISA Kit
EGTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Bovine NO ELISA Kit
EBN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Chicken NO ELISA Kit
ECKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Canine NO ELISA Kit
ECN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Anserini NO ELISA Kit
EAN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

NO ELISA KIT|Human
EF007402	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

Porcine NO ELISA Kit
EPN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Rat NO ELISA Kit
ERN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Rabbit NO ELISA Kit
ERTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Sheep NO ELISA Kit
ESN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Monkey NO ELISA Kit
EMKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

Mouse NO ELISA Kit
EMN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

SEQ ID NO:549
5-01922	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price

1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP
MCT-150-NC	CORNING	500/pk	EUR 119
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen

CMV-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911a	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	EUR 349
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.

EF1a-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911b	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	EUR 349
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.

Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101278	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	EUR 964

Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101290	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	EUR 949

Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101412	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	EUR 964

Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101424	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	EUR 949

GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310003	GeneOn	1x500 µl	EUR 120

GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310004	GeneOn	5x500µl	EUR 459

GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310005	GeneOn	1x500µl	EUR 120

GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310006	GeneOn	5x500µl	EUR 459

GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310020	GeneOn	1x500µl	EUR 128

GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310021	GeneOn	5x500µl	EUR 459

DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-050	GenDepot	500ml	EUR 85

DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	EUR 165

DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	EUR 219

DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	EUR 340

DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	EUR 585

TARGATT? 3 (no promoter - MCS)
AST-3043	Applied StemCell	20 uL	EUR 275
Description: 12 month

BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-10kg	Alphabiosciences	10 kg	EUR 1266

BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-2Kg	Alphabiosciences	2 Kg	EUR 314

BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-500g	Alphabiosciences	500 g	EUR 122

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86002/S	Bioline	Sample	Ask for price

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price

cellulose acetate unit (no accessories!)
EHCA1100-SYS	Consort	ea	EUR 606

Guinea Pig NO ELISA Kit
EGN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	EUR 521

SEQ ID NO:549 Peptide
20-abx266211	Abbexa	EUR 439.00 EUR 718.00 EUR 328.00	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Agar, Bacto , Cat No Changed
A2007-510	GenDepot	10Kg	EUR 2102

2.0ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR
MCT-200-NC	CORNING	500/pk	EUR 111
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen

SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-05	Bioline	500 rxn	Ask for price

SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-20	Bioline	2000 rxn	Ask for price

Rabbit Anti-Human Ferritin (H-chain) IgG # 3, aff pure (no azide/no bsa)
FERH13-AW	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	EUR 445

HotTaq Probe qPCR Mix (no ROX)
BT11002	Bioatlas	250rxn	EUR 109
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.

HotTaq EvaGreen qPCR Mix (no ROX)
BT11102	Bioatlas	250rxn	EUR 123
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.

HotTaq EvaGreen HRM Mix (no ROX)
BT11202	Bioatlas	250rxn	EUR 123
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.

Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E1527HM-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	EUR 289

Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E1527HM-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	EUR 466

Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0452MS-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	EUR 336

Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0452MS-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	EUR 534

Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0711RT-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	EUR 373

Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0711RT-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	EUR 609

Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
GA-E0152RB-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	EUR 326

Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
GA-E0152RB-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	EUR 524

Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
20-abx098862	Abbexa	EUR 398.00 EUR 230.00	200 rxns 50 rxns
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Human nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
201-12-1511	SunredBio	96 tests	EUR 440
This nitric oxide ELISA kit is validated to work with samples from whole blood, serum, plasma and cell culture supernatant.
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids.

TaqProbe 5X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-5PS	ABM	4 x 1.0 ml for 1000 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 213

BrightGreen 5X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-5S	ABM	4 x 1.0 ml for 1000 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 213

KiloGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-KS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml - 500 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 140

BrightGreen miRNA qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-mS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions	EUR 151

TaqProbe 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-PS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 140

BrightGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-S	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 140

BrightGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-S-XL	ABM	16 x 1.25 ml for 2000 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 376

Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E00533	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 361

Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E10941	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 361

Rat nitric oxide (NO) ELISA Kit
QY-E11842	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 374

Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E21092	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 361

Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
QY-E30147	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 374

Chicken Nitric Oxide, NO ELISA Kit
QY-E80065	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 426

96 well filter plate (no filter)
SD5006-EMPTY	Bio Basic	12UNIT	EUR 87.41
Product category: Labware/Filtration Supplies/Filter Plates - DNA

HBSS (10X), calcium, magnesium, no phenol red
CA137-050	GenDepot	500 ml	EUR 99

SensiFAST Lyo-Ready No-ROX Mix, 2x
BIO-11060	Cusabio	10 x 10ml	Ask for price

SensiFAST Lyo-Ready No-ROX Mix, 2x
BIO-11061	Bioline	5ml	Ask for price

SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-72001	Bioline	100 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-72005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-76001	Bioline	100 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-76005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price

SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Mix, 50 mL
BIO-86050	Bioline	5000 rxn	Ask for price

SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Mix, 50 mL
BIO-98050	Bioline	5000 rxn	Ask for price

SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (No ROX)
HY-K0523	MedChemExpress	5 mL (500 rxns )	EUR 257

Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-10LT	Caisson Labs	10 L	EUR 101
Product line: Animal Cell Culture Media Product family: Grace's Insect Media
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.

Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-10X1LT	Caisson Labs	10 x 1 L	EUR 105
Product line: Animal Cell Culture Media Product family: Grace's Insect Media
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.

Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-50LT	Caisson Labs	50 L	EUR 230
Product line: Animal Cell Culture Media Product family: Grace's Insect Media
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.

One-Step BrightGreen qRT-PCR-No Dye
G471-S	ABM	100 rxn (20 ul/rxn)	EUR 158

One-Step TaqProbe qRT-PCR-No Dye
G493-PS	ABM	100 rxn (20 ul/rxn)	EUR 158

Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-50rxns	Abbexa	50 rxns	EUR 230
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Plant Genomic DNA Kit(No RNase A)
20-abx098863	Abbexa	EUR 384.00 EUR 230.00	200 rxns 50 rxns
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

Blood Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
20-abx098864	Abbexa	EUR 384.00 EUR 230.00	200 rxns 50 rxns
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

1000bp/1kb DNA ladder (no loading dye)
305-005	GeneOn	50µg/250µl	EUR 50

1000bp/1kb DNA ladder (no loading dye)
305-025	GeneOn	5x50µg	EUR 120

DMEM, High Glucose , Powder , No Sodiim bicarbonate
CMP02-001	GenDepot	10x1L	EUR 101

Anti Metallothionein Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1A12)
KA009	Sceti		EUR 596
Description: The Anti Metallothionein Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1A12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Anti AGEs Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 6D12)
KH001	Sceti		EUR 714
Description: The Anti AGEs Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 6D12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Anti Pyrraline Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. H12)
KH010	Sceti		EUR 714
Description: The Anti Pyrraline Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. H12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Anti Nitrotyrosine Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.2H1)
KH036	Sceti		EUR 596
Description: The Anti Nitrotyrosine Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.2H1) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Anti PEDF Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.14K)
KM037	Sceti		EUR 714
Description: The Anti PEDF Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.14K) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Accuris qMax Probe No Rox qPCR Mix
PR2001-N-1000	BenchMark	1 PC	EUR 467.74
To order instruments in 115V / US plug please delete the 'E' off the order code.European 2 pin plugs will be supplied as standard, please request UK if required.

BrightGreen Express 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-ES	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	EUR 140

hTERT (EF1a) lentivirus (No any antibiotic selection)
LVP1131	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	EUR 349
Description: Premade lentivirus expressing human TERT gene under EF1a promoter. It does not contain any antibiotic selection.

CMV-Luciferase, in vivo read  (No Marker)
LVP911a-PBS	GenTarget	5x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	EUR 710
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), concentrated and provided in PBS solution

EF1a-Luciferase, in vivo read  (No Marker)
LVP911b-PBS	GenTarget	5x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	EUR 710
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), concentrated and provided in PBS solution

Porcine a nitric oxide (NO) ELISA Kit
QY-E40076	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 400

Guinea pig nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E90054	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	EUR 478

Recombinant purified human Ubiquitin protein (No-tag)
UBQ16-R	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	EUR 202

Recombinant purified human Ubiquitin protein (No-tag)
UBQ16-R-10	Alpha Diagnostics	10 mg	EUR 773

NO ELISA Kit| Rat Nitric Oxide ELISA Kit
EF018222	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	EUR 689

ExCellenCT One-Step BrightGreen qRT-PCR-No Dye
G917-S	ABM	25 Preps 100 x 20 ul reactions	EUR 177

ExCellenCT One-Step TaqProbe qRT-PCR-No Dye
G918-PS	ABM	25 Preps 100 x 20 ul reactions	EUR 177

Marine Animal Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx298012-50rxns	Abbexa	50 rxns	EUR 230
Shipped within 5-10 working days.

CENTRIFUGE TUBE,50ML,NO CAP,S,25/500
431472	CORNING	25/pk	EUR 119
Description: Centrifuge Tubes; Corning Centrifuge Tubes

COVER GLASS, NO. 1, RECTANGLE 22 X 30MM
2975-223	CORNING	100/pk	EUR 114
Description: Cover Glass; Cover Glass, CGW

COVER GLASS, NO. 1, RECTANGLE 22 X 40MM
2975-224	CORNING	100/pk	EUR 142
Description: Cover Glass; Cover Glass, CGW

COVER GLASS, NO. 1, RECTANGLE 22 X 50MM
2975-225	CORNING	100/pk	EUR 167
Description: Cover Glass; Cover Glass, CGW

Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.

We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.

We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.