Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.
Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.
Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.
Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.
Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.
Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.
Sign 300x500mm No Smoking/No .. |
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MS05529R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 27.36 EUR |
HBSS (10X), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red |
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CA147-050 | GenDepot | 500 ml | 118.8 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
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HY-101757 | MedChemExpress | 20mg | 2043.6 EUR |
Human(NO) |
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QY-E05308 | Qayee Biotechnology | 96T | 433.2 EUR |
Lovibond Ammonia No. 1 And No. 2 Tablets |
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WAT6308 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 67.26 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD |
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310010 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 159.6 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD |
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310011 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 613.2 EUR |
2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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20-abx098046 | Abbexa |
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2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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20-abx098047 | Abbexa |
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100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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20-abx098053 | Abbexa |
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100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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20-abx098054 | Abbexa |
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DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM007-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM007-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM007-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM007-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM007-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM009-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM009-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM009-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM009-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CM009-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CMP07-001 | GenDepot | 10x1L | 118.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CMP07-010 | GenDepot | 10L | 100.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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CMP07-050 | GenDepot | 50L | 170.4 EUR |
Lovibond DPD No. 1 and DPD No. 3 Tablets |
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WAT6310 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 40.24 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD |
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310003 | GeneOn | 1x500 µl | 144 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD |
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310004 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 550.8 EUR |
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD |
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310005 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 144 EUR |
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD |
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310006 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 550.8 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD |
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310020 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 153.6 EUR |
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD |
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310021 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 550.8 EUR |
SEQ ID NO:549 |
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5-01922 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
Ceraplex , No Phenol red |
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C3320-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | Ask for price |
Porcine NO ELISA Kit |
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EPN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Rabbit NO ELISA Kit |
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ERTN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Rat NO ELISA Kit |
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ERN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Monkey NO ELISA Kit |
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EMKN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Mouse NO ELISA Kit |
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EMN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP |
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MCT-150-NC | CORNING | 500/pk | 142.8 EUR |
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen |
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Human NO ELISA Kit |
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EHN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
NO ELISA KIT|Human |
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EF007402 | Lifescience Market | 96 Tests | 826.8 EUR |
Goat NO ELISA Kit |
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EGTN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Bovine NO ELISA Kit |
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EBN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Chicken NO ELISA Kit |
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ECKN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Canine NO ELISA Kit |
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ECN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Anserini NO ELISA Kit |
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EAN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
CMV-Luciferase (No marker) |
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LVP911a | GenTarget | 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul | 418.8 EUR |
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene. |
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EF1a-Luciferase (No marker) |
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LVP911b | GenTarget | 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul | 418.8 EUR |
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene. |
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Sheep NO ELISA Kit |
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ESN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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STJ16101278 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1156.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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STJ16101290 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1138.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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STJ16101412 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1156.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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STJ16101424 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1138.8 EUR |
Coverslips Cat No. 100030. |
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100030 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 27.36 EUR |
Coverslip no.1 24x60mm |
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BB024060A1 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 107.16 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 23 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 22A |
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INS4755 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.62 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 15 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 10 |
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INS4761 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.03 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 10A |
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INS4762 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.03 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 20 |
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INS4763 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.62 EUR |
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INS4765 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.62 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 22 |
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INS4767 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.62 EUR |
Scalpel Disposable No 24 |
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INS4769 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 8.62 EUR |
MacConkey Agar No.3 |
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MED1256 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 9.12 EUR |
MacConkey Agar No.3 |
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MED1358 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 62.7 EUR |
Nutrient Broth No.2 |
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MED1378 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 67.26 EUR |
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ML01551S | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 5.48 EUR |
Centrifuge 5920R no rotor |
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E5948000060 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 10603.14 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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FS0101 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | 175.56 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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FS010105 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | 103.74 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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FS01015 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 2.5L | 115.14 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 2 |
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FS0102 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 1L | 102.6 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 2 |
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FS010205 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 500ML | 85.5 EUR |
Fehlings Solution No. 2 |
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FS01025 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 2.5L | 188.1 EUR |
Sign 300X300 No SmokingDrinki.. |
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P62ZS | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 12.31 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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CM020-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 102 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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CM020-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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CM020-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 262.8 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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CM020-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 408 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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CM020-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
Agar, Bacto , Cat No Changed |
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A2007-510 | GenDepot | 10Kg | 2522.4 EUR |
SEQ ID NO:549 Peptide |
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20-abx266211 | Abbexa |
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BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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B02-109-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1519.2 EUR |
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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B02-109-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 376.8 EUR |
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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B02-109-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 146.4 EUR |
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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BIO-86002/S | Bioline | Sample | Ask for price |
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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BIO-86005 | Bioline | 500 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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BIO-86020 | Bioline | 2000 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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BIO-98005 | Bioline | 500 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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BIO-98020 | Bioline | 2000 rxns | Ask for price |
TARGATT? 3 (no promoter - MCS) |
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AST-3043 | Applied StemCell | 20 uL | 330 EUR |
Description: 12 month |
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2.0ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR |
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MCT-200-NC | CORNING | 500/pk | 133.2 EUR |
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen |
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cellulose acetate unit (no accessories!) |
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EHCA1100-SYS | Consort | ea | 727.2 EUR |
Guinea Pig NO ELISA Kit |
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EGN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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QT650-05 | Bioline | 500 rxn | Ask for price |
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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QT650-20 | Bioline | 2000 rxn | Ask for price |
DPD No.1 Rapid Chlorine |
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511310BT | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 11.9 EUR |
Phosphate No.2 Low Range |
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513050BT | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 20.52 EUR |
Antibiotic Med No 3 500gm |
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224320 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 171 EUR |
Flask Carrier 100ml No Handle |
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25000634 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 175.56 EUR |
Sterile universal 30ml no label |
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128A/IRR | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK400 | 174.42 EUR |
Scalpel Handle No 3 120mm |
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INS4603 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 6.94 EUR |
Scalpel Handle No 4 130mm |
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INS4604 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 6.94 EUR |
Scalpel Handle No 7 160mm |
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INS4605 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 8.14 EUR |
Scalpel Handle No 4L 210mm |
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INS4606 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 13.53 EUR |
BMP71 Label Printer no Software |
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LAB4542 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 978.12 EUR |
Blood Agar Base No.2 |
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MED1368 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 71.82 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 20x20mm |
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MIC3102 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 8.73 EUR |
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MIC3110 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 6.7 EUR |
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MIC3112 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 8.73 EUR |
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MIC3114 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 9.8 EUR |
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MIC3116 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 11.62 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 18x18mm |
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MIC3120 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 8.73 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 20x20mm |
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MIC3122 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x22mm |
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MIC3124 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x24mm |
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MIC3126 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 14.3 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 18x18mm |
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MIC3130 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 9.18 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 20x20mm |
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MIC3132 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 22x22mm |
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MIC3134 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 9.93 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x26mm |
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MIC3200 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.36 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x32mm |
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MIC3202 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x40mm |
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MIC3204 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 9.93 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x50mm |
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MIC3206 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 11.69 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x64mm |
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MIC3208 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 15.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x26mm |
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MIC3220 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 5.83 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x32mm |
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MIC3222 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.01 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x40mm |
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MIC3224 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.89 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x50mm |
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MIC3226 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 10.97 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x64mm |
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MIC3228 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 13.2 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x32mm |
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MIC3230 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 6.81 EUR |
Coverslips No 1 24x32mm Knittel |
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MIC3230K | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 88.92 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x40mm |
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MIC3232 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x32mm |
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MIC3242 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.89 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x40mm |
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MIC3244 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 9.52 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x50mm |
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MIC3246 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 12.78 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x32mm |
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MIC3250 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x40mm |
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MIC3252 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.31 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 22x26mm |
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MIC3260 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.01 EUR |
Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.
We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.
We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.