Identifying trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services delivery for land-use decisions.

Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.

Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.

Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.

Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.

Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.

Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.

Sign 300x500mm No Smoking/No ..
MS05529R	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	27.36 EUR
HBSS (10X), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red
CA147-050	GenDepot	500 ml	118.8 EUR
NO-prednisolone
HY-101757	MedChemExpress	20mg	2043.6 EUR
Human(NO)
QY-E05308	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	433.2 EUR
Lovibond Ammonia No. 1 And No. 2 Tablets
WAT6308	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK500	67.26 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310010	GeneOn	1x500µl	159.6 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310011	GeneOn	5x500µl	613.2 EUR
2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098046	Abbexa	309.60 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098047	Abbexa	309.60 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098053	Abbexa	326.40 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098054	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 243.60 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-050	GenDepot	500ml	88.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	198 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	246 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	380.4 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	702 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-050	GenDepot	500ml	88.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	198 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	246 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	380.4 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	702 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-001	GenDepot	10x1L	118.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-010	GenDepot	10L	100.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-050	GenDepot	50L	170.4 EUR
Lovibond DPD No. 1 and DPD No. 3 Tablets
WAT6310	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK500	40.24 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310003	GeneOn	1x500 µl	144 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310004	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310005	GeneOn	1x500µl	144 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310006	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310020	GeneOn	1x500µl	153.6 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310021	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
SEQ ID NO:549
5-01922	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Ceraplex , No Phenol red
C3320-050	GenDepot	500ml	Ask for price
Porcine NO ELISA Kit
EPN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Rabbit NO ELISA Kit
ERTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Rat NO ELISA Kit
ERN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Monkey NO ELISA Kit
EMKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Mouse NO ELISA Kit
EMN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP
MCT-150-NC	CORNING	500/pk	142.8 EUR
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen
Human NO ELISA Kit
EHN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
NO ELISA KIT|Human
EF007402	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	826.8 EUR
Goat NO ELISA Kit
EGTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Bovine NO ELISA Kit
EBN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Chicken NO ELISA Kit
ECKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Canine NO ELISA Kit
ECN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Anserini NO ELISA Kit
EAN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
CMV-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911a	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	418.8 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
EF1a-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911b	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	418.8 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
Sheep NO ELISA Kit
ESN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101278	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1156.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101290	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1138.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101412	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1156.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101424	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1138.8 EUR
Coverslips Cat No. 100030.
100030	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	27.36 EUR
Coverslip no.1 24x60mm
BB024060A1	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	107.16 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 23
INS4753	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 22A
INS4755	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 15
INS4757	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.03 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 11
INS4759	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.03 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 10
INS4761	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.03 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 10A
INS4762	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.03 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 20
INS4763	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 21
INS4765	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 22
INS4767	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 24
INS4769	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	8.62 EUR
MacConkey Agar No.3
MED1256	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	9.12 EUR
MacConkey Agar No.3
MED1358	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	62.7 EUR
Nutrient Broth No.2
MED1378	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	67.26 EUR
Sign 210x148mm No Admittance ..
ML01551S	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	5.48 EUR
Centrifuge 5920R no rotor
E5948000060	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	10603.14 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS0101	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	1L	175.56 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS010105	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	103.74 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS01015	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	2.5L	115.14 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS0102	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	1L	102.6 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS010205	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	85.5 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS01025	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	2.5L	188.1 EUR
Sign 300X300 No SmokingDrinki..
P62ZS	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	12.31 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-050	GenDepot	500ml	102 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	198 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	262.8 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	408 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	702 EUR
Agar, Bacto , Cat No Changed
A2007-510	GenDepot	10Kg	2522.4 EUR
SEQ ID NO:549 Peptide
20-abx266211	Abbexa	526.80 EUR 861.60 EUR 393.60 EUR	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-10kg	Alphabiosciences	10 kg	1519.2 EUR
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-2Kg	Alphabiosciences	2 Kg	376.8 EUR
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-500g	Alphabiosciences	500 g	146.4 EUR
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86002/S	Bioline	Sample	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price
TARGATT? 3 (no promoter - MCS)
AST-3043	Applied StemCell	20 uL	330 EUR
Description: 12 month
2.0ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR
MCT-200-NC	CORNING	500/pk	133.2 EUR
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen
cellulose acetate unit (no accessories!)
EHCA1100-SYS	Consort	ea	727.2 EUR
Guinea Pig NO ELISA Kit
EGN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-05	Bioline	500 rxn	Ask for price
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-20	Bioline	2000 rxn	Ask for price
DPD No.1 Rapid Chlorine
511310BT	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	11.9 EUR
Phosphate No.2 Low Range
513050BT	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	20.52 EUR
Antibiotic Med No 3 500gm
224320	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	171 EUR
Flask Carrier 100ml No Handle
25000634	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	175.56 EUR
Sterile universal 30ml no label
128A/IRR	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK400	174.42 EUR
Scalpel Handle No 3 120mm
INS4603	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	6.94 EUR
Scalpel Handle No 4 130mm
INS4604	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	6.94 EUR
Scalpel Handle No 7 160mm
INS4605	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	8.14 EUR
Scalpel Handle No 4L 210mm
INS4606	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	13.53 EUR
BMP71 Label Printer no Software
LAB4542	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	978.12 EUR
Blood Agar Base No.2
MED1368	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	71.82 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 20x20mm
MIC3102	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	8.73 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 18x18mm
MIC3110	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	6.7 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 20x20mm
MIC3112	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	8.73 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x22mm
MIC3114	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	9.8 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x24mm
MIC3116	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	11.62 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 18x18mm
MIC3120	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	8.73 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 20x20mm
MIC3122	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	10.43 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x22mm
MIC3124	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	10.43 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x24mm
MIC3126	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	14.3 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 2 18x18mm
MIC3130	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	9.18 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 2 20x20mm
MIC3132	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	10.43 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 2 22x22mm
MIC3134	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK200	9.93 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x26mm
MIC3200	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	7.36 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x32mm
MIC3202	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	8.46 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x40mm
MIC3204	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	9.93 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x50mm
MIC3206	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	11.69 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x64mm
MIC3208	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	15.46 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x26mm
MIC3220	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	5.83 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x32mm
MIC3222	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	7.01 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x40mm
MIC3224	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	8.89 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x50mm
MIC3226	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	10.97 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x64mm
MIC3228	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	13.2 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x32mm
MIC3230	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	6.81 EUR
Coverslips No 1 24x32mm Knittel
MIC3230K	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	88.92 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x40mm
MIC3232	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	8.46 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x32mm
MIC3242	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	8.89 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x40mm
MIC3244	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	9.52 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x50mm
MIC3246	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	12.78 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x32mm
MIC3250	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	8.46 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x40mm
MIC3252	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	7.31 EUR
SLS Coverslips No 2 22x26mm
MIC3260	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK100	7.01 EUR

Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.

We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.

We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.