Identifying trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services delivery for land-use decisions.

Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.

Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.

Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.

Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.

Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.

Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.

SmartCheck™ Blue Protein Marker, 11 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul
PR5011-BL	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	131.6 EUR
100bp DNA Ladder, 100bp-1.5kb, 11 bands, 100ng/uL, 5uL/load
M7123-100Loads500uL	Biomatik Corporation	100Loads (500uL)	36 EUR
Description: Biotechnology
1Kb DNA Ladder, 500bp-10kb, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load
M7508-100Loads500uL	Biomatik Corporation	100Loads (500uL)	28 EUR
Description: Biotechnology
Flystuff (64-103) Indestructable Rubber Bands 44.4x1.6mm
FLY1160	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK2700	82.25 EUR
LMW DNA Ladder, 25bp-700bp, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load
M7101-100Loads500uL	Biomatik Corporation	100Loads (500uL)	44 EUR
Description: Biotechnology
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310010	GeneOn	1x500µl	159.6 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310011	GeneOn	5x500µl	613.2 EUR
50bp DNA Ladder Plus, 50bp-1kb, 13 bands, 128ng/uL, 5uL/load
M7115-100Loads500uL	Biomatik Corporation	100Loads (500uL)	44 EUR
Description: Biotechnology
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310003	GeneOn	1x500 µl	144 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310004	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310005	GeneOn	1x500µl	144 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310006	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310020	GeneOn	1x500µl	153.6 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310021	GeneOn	5x500µl	550.8 EUR
SmartCheck™ Tri-color Protein Marker, 10 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul
PR5010-TC	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	144.3 EUR
2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098046	Abbexa	309.60 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098047	Abbexa	309.60 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Protein Marker, 12 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul
PR5012-TC	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	165.5 EUR
100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098053	Abbexa	326.40 EUR 226.80 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098054	Abbexa	360.00 EUR 243.60 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Plus Protein Marker, 13 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul
PR5013-TC	Benchmark Scientific	1 each	178.2 EUR
Sign 300x500mm No Smoking/No ..
MS05529R	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	32.64 EUR
HBSS (10X), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red
CA147-050	GenDepot	500 ml	118.8 EUR
NO-prednisolone
HY-101757	MedChemExpress	20mg	2043.6 EUR
Human(NO)
QY-E05308	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	433.2 EUR
band 3 (band 3) Antibody
abx230798-100ug	Abbexa	100 ug	610.8 EUR
Lovibond Ammonia No. 1 And No. 2 Tablets
WAT6308	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK500	80.4 EUR
FLASK-NO BAFFLE
SS-2011	IBI Scientific	300ML	32.09 EUR
Description: POLYPROPYLENE
FLASK-NO BAFFLE
SS-5011	IBI Scientific	2.5L	53.72 EUR
Description: POLYPROPYLENE
No-Dye Stain
40140070-1	Bio-WORLD	25 mL	53.99 EUR
No-Dye Stain
40140070-2	Bio-WORLD	100 mL	125.36 EUR
Band III(Q1/156), 0.2mg/mL
BNUB2826-100	Biotium	1uL	225 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), 0.2mg/mL
BNUB2826-500	Biotium	1uL	485 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), 1mg/mL
BNUM2826-50	Biotium	1uL	396 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band 3 Protein (824-829)
20-abx265231	Abbexa	393.60 EUR 594.00 EUR 326.40 EUR	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
Band 3 Protein (547-553)
20-abx265232	Abbexa	427.20 EUR 644.40 EUR 343.20 EUR	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
Band 3 Rabbit mAb
E2R23592	EnoGene	100ul	255 EUR
Description: Available in various conjugation types.
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-050	GenDepot	500ml	88.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	198 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	246 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	380.4 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	702 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-050	GenDepot	500ml	88.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	198 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	246 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	380.4 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	702 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-001	GenDepot	10x1L	118.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-010	GenDepot	10L	100.8 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-050	GenDepot	50L	170.4 EUR
Lovibond DPD No. 1 and DPD No. 3 Tablets
WAT6310	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK500	48 EUR
Band Doctor for PCR 5X
11170013-1	Bio-WORLD	10 mL	Ask for price
Band 3/AE 1 Antibody
DF7843	Affinity Biosciences	100ul	280 EUR
Description: Human,Mouse
Band 3/AE 1 Antibody
DF7843-100ul	Affinity Biosciences	100ul	280 EUR
Band 3/AE 1 Antibody
DF7843-200ul	Affinity Biosciences	200ul	350 EUR
Gfx Pcr Dna Gel Band Purif 250
28903471	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	573.6 EUR
band 3 ELISA KIT|Human
EF008060	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	826.8 EUR
Rubber band holder
2312211	Atto	8unit	295.2 EUR
Band 3 Protein (547-553) (human)
5-00752	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Band 3 Protein (824-829) (human)
5-00753	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
anti- band 3 antibody
FNab00798	FN Test	100µg	658.5 EUR
Description: Antibody raised against band 3
Band 3 Protein (547-553) (human)
SP-100290-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	196.8 EUR
Band 3 Protein (824-829) (human)
SP-100291-1	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	196.8 EUR
5X Band Sharpener (10ml)
9K-001-0017	Bio Basic	10mL	388.51 EUR
28mm White T/E Cap with Red Band
GCAP28WTE	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	0.71 EUR
Bolle Bandido BANPSF Smoke Lens
SAF1900	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	8.83 EUR
Band 3 Antibody / SLC4A1
R31868	NSJ Bioreagents	100 ug	356.15 EUR
Description: Band 3 is also known as SLC4A1. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the anion exchanger (AE) family and is expressed in the erythrocyte plasma membrane, where it functions as a chloride/bicarbonate exchanger involved in carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lungs. The protein comprises two domains that are structurally and functionally distinct. The N-terminal 40kDa domain is located in the cytoplasm and acts as an attachment site for the red cell skeleton by binding ankyrin. The glycosylated C-terminal membrane-associated domain contains 12-14 membrane spanning segments and carries out the stilbene disulphonate-sensitive exchange transport of anions. The cytoplasmic tail at the extreme C-terminus of the membrane domain binds carbonic anhydrase II. The encoded protein associates with the red cell membrane protein glycophorin A and this association promotes the correct folding and translocation of the exchanger. This protein is predominantly dimeric but forms tetramers in the presence of ankyrin. Many mutations in this gene are known in man, and these mutations can lead to two types of disease: destabilization of red cell membrane leading to hereditary spherocytosis, and defective kidney acid secretion leading to distal renal tubular acidosis. Other mutations that do not give rise to disease result in novel blood group antigens, which form the Diego blood group system.
Band 3 Antibody / SLC4A1
V8083-100UG	NSJ Bioreagents	100 ug	349.3 EUR
Description: Band 3, also designated AE1, is an erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein that contributes to cell stuctural integrity and mediates exchange of chloride and bicarbonate across the phospholipid bilayer. The diverse functions of the approximately 900 amino acid protein are mediated by two distinct domains. The amino-terminal domain, also known as cdb3 for cytoplasmic domain of erthrocyte membrane band 3, acts as an attachment site for the erythrocyte skeleton by binding ankyrin. The carboxy-terminal, membrane-associated domain carries out exchange transport of anions. Degradation of band 3 can generate an aging antigen known as senescent cell antigen, or SCA, which is expressed on old cells and marks them for removal by the immune system. An isoform of band 3, which lacks the first 65 amino acids and does not bind ankryin, is expressed in kidney.
Band 3 Antibody / SLC4A1
V8083-20UG	NSJ Bioreagents	20 ug	153.3 EUR
Description: Band 3, also designated AE1, is an erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein that contributes to cell stuctural integrity and mediates exchange of chloride and bicarbonate across the phospholipid bilayer. The diverse functions of the approximately 900 amino acid protein are mediated by two distinct domains. The amino-terminal domain, also known as cdb3 for cytoplasmic domain of erthrocyte membrane band 3, acts as an attachment site for the erythrocyte skeleton by binding ankyrin. The carboxy-terminal, membrane-associated domain carries out exchange transport of anions. Degradation of band 3 can generate an aging antigen known as senescent cell antigen, or SCA, which is expressed on old cells and marks them for removal by the immune system. An isoform of band 3, which lacks the first 65 amino acids and does not bind ankryin, is expressed in kidney.
Band 3 Antibody / SLC4A1
V8083SAF-100UG	NSJ Bioreagents	100 ug	349.3 EUR
Description: Band 3, also designated AE1, is an erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein that contributes to cell stuctural integrity and mediates exchange of chloride and bicarbonate across the phospholipid bilayer. The diverse functions of the approximately 900 amino acid protein are mediated by two distinct domains. The amino-terminal domain, also known as cdb3 for cytoplasmic domain of erthrocyte membrane band 3, acts as an attachment site for the erythrocyte skeleton by binding ankyrin. The carboxy-terminal, membrane-associated domain carries out exchange transport of anions. Degradation of band 3 can generate an aging antigen known as senescent cell antigen, or SCA, which is expressed on old cells and marks them for removal by the immune system. An isoform of band 3, which lacks the first 65 amino acids and does not bind ankryin, is expressed in kidney.
ProSpec 7-band Marker
pro-2654	ProSpec Tany	0.25ml	275 EUR
Description: ProSpec 8.5, 13.5, 18, 28, 40, 57 & 70 kDa Protein Marker
ProSpec 8-band Marker
pro-2655	ProSpec Tany	0.25ml	350 EUR
Description: ProSpec 15. 20, 25, 35, 50, 70,100 & 120 kDa Protein Marker
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU40289-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	562.1 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU40289-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	2489.5 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU40289-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	451 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU53549-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	554.4 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU53549-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	2457 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU53549-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	445.5 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU58708-100ug	Biomatik Corporation	100ug	618.3 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU58708-1mg	Biomatik Corporation	1mg	2870.4 EUR
Recombinant Band 3 (BND3)
RPU58708-50ug	Biomatik Corporation	50ug	480.7 EUR
Coverslips Cat No. 100030.
100030	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	78 EUR
Coverslip no.1 24x60mm
BB024060A1	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK1000	122.73 EUR
Ceraplex , No Phenol red
C3320-050	GenDepot	500ml	Ask for price
SEQ ID NO:549
5-01922	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
Rabbit NO ELISA Kit
ERTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Mouse NO ELISA Kit
EMN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Monkey NO ELISA Kit
EMKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Porcine NO ELISA Kit
EPN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Rat NO ELISA Kit
ERN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Sheep NO ELISA Kit
ESN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
CMV-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911a	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	418.8 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
EF1a-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911b	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	418.8 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
Sign 300X300 No SmokingDrinki..
P62ZS	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	14.36 EUR
1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP
MCT-150-NC	CORNING	500/pk	142.8 EUR
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen
MacConkey Agar No.3
MED1256	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
MacConkey Agar No.3
MED1358	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	79.2 EUR
Nutrient Broth No.2
MED1378	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	82.8 EUR
Sign 210x148mm No Admittance ..
ML01551S	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	6.53 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS0101	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	1L	216 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS010105	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	130.56 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 1
FS01015	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	2.5L	143.62 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS0102	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	1L	127.2 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS010205	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	500ML	106.8 EUR
Fehlings Solution No. 2
FS01025	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	2.5L	235.01 EUR
Anserini NO ELISA Kit
EAN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Bovine NO ELISA Kit
EBN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Chicken NO ELISA Kit
ECKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Canine NO ELISA Kit
ECN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
NO ELISA KIT|Human
EF007402	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	826.8 EUR
Centrifuge 5920R no rotor
E5948000060	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	12007.2 EUR
Goat NO ELISA Kit
EGTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Human NO ELISA Kit
EHN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	625.2 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 23
INS4753	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 22A
INS4755	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 15
INS4757	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 11
INS4759	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 10
INS4761	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 10A
INS4762	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 20
INS4763	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 21
INS4765	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	12 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 22
INS4767	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	10.8 EUR
Scalpel Disposable No 24
INS4769	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	12 EUR
Alpha MEM (no nucleosides)
C0013-25	Addexbio	RT 500 mL Bottle	30 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101278	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1156.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101290	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1138.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101412	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1156.8 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101424	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	1138.8 EUR
Band III(Q1/156), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC472826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF647 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC472826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC682826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF568 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC682826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF594 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC942826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF594 conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC942826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF640R conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC402826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF640R conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC402826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF488A conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC882826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF488A conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC882826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF405S conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC042826-100	Biotium	1uL	192 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application
Band III(Q1/156), CF405S conjugate, 0.1mg/mL
BNC042826-500	Biotium	1uL	532 EUR
Description: Primary and secondary antibodies for multiple methodologyimmunostaining detection application

Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.

We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.

We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.