Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.
Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.
Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.
Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.
Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.
Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.
DNA Ladder, 1kb, EzWay, 10 bands |
|||
| K0170315 | KOMA BIOTECH | 500A (500ulx5) | 484 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K0170315.pdf |
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DNA Ladder, 100bp, EzWay 12 bands |
|||
| K0570111 | KOMA BIOTECH | 120A (600ul) | 81 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K0570111.pdf |
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DNA Ladder, 100bp, EzWay 12 bands |
|||
| K0570115 | KOMA BIOTECH | 600A (600ulx5) | 403 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K0570115.pdf |
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Indestructable Rubber Bands 88.9x3.2mm - PK675 |
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| FLY1324 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK675 | 91.07 EUR |
DNA Ladder, Multi, EzWay, 15 bands |
|||
| K0170211 | KOMA BIOTECH | 100A (500ul) | 103 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K0170211.pdf |
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DNA Ladder, Multi, EzWay, 15 bands |
|||
| K0170215 | KOMA BIOTECH | 500A (500ulx5) | 484 EUR |
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Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K0170215.pdf |
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Indestructable Rubber Bands 50.8x3.2mm - PK1200 |
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| FLY1322 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1200 | 91.07 EUR |
BH 50bp DNA Ladder RTU (17 bands, 50-1,500bps) |
|||
| DM017-R500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 16 EUR |
BH 100bp DNA Ladder RTU (11 bands, 100-1,500bps) |
|||
| DM001-R500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 11 EUR |
Tri-Color Protein Ladder, 12 bands |
|||
| MBS433532-025mL | MyBiosource | 0.25mL | 200 EUR |
Tri-Color Protein Ladder, 12 bands |
|||
| MBS433532-5x025mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.25mL | 755 EUR |
EzWay Protein PreBlue Ladder, 11 bands |
|||
| K18010 | KOMA BIOTECH | 500ul | 108 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K18010.pdf |
|||
Human Oligoclonal Bands (OCB) ELISA Kit |
|||
| MBS3800654-10x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 10x96-Strip-Wells | 6725 EUR |
Human Oligoclonal Bands (OCB) ELISA Kit |
|||
| MBS3800654-48StripWells | MyBiosource | 48-Strip-Wells | 550 EUR |
Human Oligoclonal Bands (OCB) ELISA Kit |
|||
| MBS3800654-5x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 5x96-Strip-Wells | 3420 EUR |
Human Oligoclonal Bands (OCB) ELISA Kit |
|||
| MBS3800654-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | 765 EUR |
Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD |
|||
| 310005 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 99 EUR |
Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD |
|||
| 310006 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 399 EUR |
BH 100bp DNA Ladder H3 RTU (12 bands, 100-3,000bps) |
|||
| DM003-R500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 11 EUR |
BH 1Kb Plus DNA Ladder RTU (13 bands, 100-10,000bps) |
|||
| DM015-R500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 11 EUR |
EzWay Protein Multicolor Ladder, 10 bands |
|||
| K18020 | KOMA BIOTECH | 500ul | 122 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K18020.pdf |
|||
Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD |
|||
| 310010 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 109 EUR |
Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD |
|||
| 310011 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 520 EUR |
Tri-Color Protein Ladder II, 10 bands |
|||
| MBS433529-025mL | MyBiosource | 0.25mL | 200 EUR |
Tri-Color Protein Ladder II, 10 bands |
|||
| MBS433529-5x025mL | MyBiosource | 5x0.25mL | 755 EUR |
EzWay Protein-Blue MW Marker, 11 bands |
|||
| K08000 | KOMA BIOTECH | 1ml(500ulx2) | 148 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K08000.pdf |
|||
EzWay Protein-Blue MW Marker, 11 bands |
|||
| K08000S | KOMA BIOTECH | 500ul | 98 EUR |
|
Description: https://komabiotech.co.kr/labiskoma/datasheet/K08000S.pdf |
|||
Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD |
|||
| 310003 | GeneOn | 1x500 µl | 99 EUR |
Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD |
|||
| 310004 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 399 EUR |
Protein Ladder Wide Range prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD |
|||
| 310020 | GeneOn | 1x500µl | 125 EUR |
Protein Ladder Wide Range prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD |
|||
| 310021 | GeneOn | 5x500µl | 499 EUR |
OmniMARK 100 DNA Ladder RTU (12 bands, 100-3,000bps, fluorescent dye) |
|||
| DMF12-0100 | Bio-Helix | 600 μl | 13 EUR |
OmniMARK 1K DNA Ladder RTU (13 bands, 100-10,000bps, fluorescent dye) |
|||
| DMF13-0100 | Bio-Helix | 600 μl | 13 EUR |
SmartCheck™ Blue Protein Marker, 10 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul |
|||
| PR5010-BL | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | 127.3 EUR |
SmartCheck™ Blue Protein Marker, 11 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul |
|||
| PR5011-BL | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | 131.6 EUR |
100bp DNA Ladder, 100bp-1.5kb, 11 bands, 100ng/uL, 5uL/load |
|||
| M7123-100Loads500uL | Biomatik Corporation | 100Loads (500uL) | 36 EUR |
|
Description: Biotechnology |
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1Kb DNA Ladder, 500bp-10kb, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load |
|||
| M7508-100Loads500uL | Biomatik Corporation | 100Loads (500uL) | 28 EUR |
|
Description: Biotechnology |
|||
LMW DNA Ladder, 25bp-700bp, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load |
|||
| M7101-100Loads500uL | Biomatik Corporation | 100Loads (500uL) | 44 EUR |
|
Description: Biotechnology |
|||
Blu10 Prestained Protein Ladder (10 pre-stained bands, 11-180 kDa) |
|||
| PMB10-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 55 EUR |
Blu12 Prestained Protein Ladder (12 pre-stained bands, 11-245 kDa) |
|||
| PMB12-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 60 EUR |
Blu13 Prestained Protein Ladder (13 pre-stained bands, 5-245 kDa) |
|||
| PMB13-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 66 EUR |
IRIS11 Prestained Protein Ladder (11 pre-stained bands, 3-260 kDa) |
|||
| PMI11-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 45 EUR |
SmartCheck™ Tri-color Protein Marker, 10 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul |
|||
| PR5010-TC | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | 148.63 EUR |
50bp DNA Ladder Plus, 50bp-1kb, 13 bands, 128ng/uL, 5uL/load |
|||
| M7115-100Loads500uL | Biomatik Corporation | 100Loads (500uL) | 44 EUR |
|
Description: Biotechnology |
|||
Blu10 Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (10 pre-stained bands, 6.5-270 kDa) |
|||
| PMB01-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 55 EUR |
IRIS9 Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (9 pre-stained bands, 15-170 kDa) |
|||
| PMI09-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 40 EUR |
Flystuff (64-103) Indestructable Rubber Bands 44.4x1.6mm - PK2700 |
|||
| FLY1160 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK2700 | 92.53 EUR |
UNveil Unstained Protein Ladder, Broad Range (12 unstained bands, 10-200 kDa) |
|||
| PMU12-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 35 EUR |
Blu11 Prestained Protein Ladder (Single color, 11 pre-stained bands, 10-180 kDa) |
|||
| PMB11-0500 | Bio-Helix | 500 μl | 30 EUR |
2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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| 20-abx098046 | Abbexa |
|
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2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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| 20-abx098047 | Abbexa |
|
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SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Protein Marker, 12 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul |
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| PR5012-TC | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | 170.47 EUR |
100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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| 20-abx098053 | Abbexa |
|
|
100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands) |
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| 20-abx098054 | Abbexa |
|
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SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Plus Protein Marker, 13 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul |
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| PR5013-TC | Benchmark Scientific | 1 each | 183.55 EUR |
Band 3 (16S7) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody |
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| E28M1057 | EnoGene | 100ul | 295 EUR |
Quick-Bands（SDS-PAGE）, 3× |
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| ES008 | Shanghai WSHT Biotechnology | 1000μL | 12 EUR |
Quick-Bands（Non-reducing gel）, 3× |
|||
| ES009 | Shanghai WSHT Biotechnology | 1000μL | 12 EUR |
NO |
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| MBS575457-10mg | MyBiosource | 10mg | 250 EUR |
NO |
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| MBS575457-25mg | MyBiosource | 25mg | 370 EUR |
NO |
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| MBS575457-2mg | MyBiosource | 2mg | 150 EUR |
NO |
|||
| MBS575457-50mg | MyBiosource | 50mg | 615 EUR |
NO |
|||
| MBS575457-5mg | MyBiosource | 5mg | 185 EUR |
Mouse NO(NO) ELISA Kit |
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| EK20448 | SAB | 96Т | 768 EUR |
HBSS (10X), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red |
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| CA147-050 | GenDepot | 500 ml | 118.8 EUR |
Sign 300x500mm No Smoking/No .. - EACH |
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| MS05529R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 36.72 EUR |
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| 112091 | MedKoo Biosciences | 1.0mg | 220 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| HY-101757 | MedChemExpress | 20mg | 1893.97 EUR |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone is a nitric oxide (NO)-releasing derivative of Prednisolone. NO-prednisolone potently stimulates IL-10 production in vivo. |
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NO-711ME |
|||
| MBS5774292-10mg | MyBiosource | 10(mg | 505 EUR |
NO-711ME |
|||
| MBS5774292-1mg | MyBiosource | 1(mg | 215 EUR |
NO-711ME |
|||
| MBS5774292-5mg | MyBiosource | 5(mg | 365 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS5756074-25mg | MyBiosource | 25mg | 1425 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS5756074-5x25mg | MyBiosource | 5x25mg | 6270 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS3843855-10mg | MyBiosource | 10mg | 1330 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS3843855-1mg | MyBiosource | 1mg | 305 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS3843855-50mg | MyBiosource | 50mg | 3865 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS3843855-5mg | MyBiosource | 5mg | 805 EUR |
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| MBS3843855-5x50mg | MyBiosource | 5x50mg | 17375 EUR |
NO Probes |
|||
| MBS8579551-100Tests | MyBiosource | 100Tests | 275 EUR |
NO Probes |
|||
| MBS8579551-5x100Tests | MyBiosource | 5x100Tests | 1240 EUR |
Human-NO- |
|||
| QY-E05308 | Qayee Biotechnology | 96T | 400 EUR |
NO-Aspirin |
|||
| N633005 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 50mg | 328 EUR |
|
Description: 287118-97-2 |
|||
NO-711ME |
|||
| T24540-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-711ME |
|||
NO-711ME |
|||
| T24540-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-711ME |
|||
NO-711ME |
|||
| T24540-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-711ME |
|||
NO-711ME |
|||
| T24540-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-711ME |
|||
NO-711ME |
|||
| T24540-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-711ME |
|||
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| T36538-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Indomethacin |
|||
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| T36538-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Indomethacin |
|||
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| T36538-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Indomethacin |
|||
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| T36538-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Indomethacin |
|||
NO-Indomethacin |
|||
| T36538-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Indomethacin |
|||
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| T19480-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone |
|||
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| T19480-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone |
|||
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| T19480-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone |
|||
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| T19480-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone |
|||
NO-prednisolone |
|||
| T19480-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-prednisolone |
|||
Violet BN Salt C.I. No. 37165 (No ZnCl2) |
|||
| V02760 | Pfaltz & Bauer | 5G | 254.03 EUR |
|
Description: CAS N° 27761-27-9 |
|||
NO-711 HCl |
|||
| 555355 | MedKoo Biosciences | 5.0mg | 305 EUR |
No-Dye Stain |
|||
| 40140070-1 | Bio-WORLD | 25 mL | 69.53 EUR |
No-Dye Stain |
|||
| 40140070-2 | Bio-WORLD | 100 mL | 161.43 EUR |
Tiagabine, NO 050328 |
|||
| MBS130403-100mg | MyBiosource | 100mg | 1065 EUR |
Tiagabine, NO 050328 |
|||
| MBS130403-500mg | MyBiosource | 500mg | 2775 EUR |
Sulfamethoxazole-NO (hydrate) |
|||
| HY-163038 | MedChemExpress | Get quote | Ask for price |
|
Description: Sulfamethoxazole-NO (SMX-NO) hydrate is the reactive metabolite of SMX (HY-B0322). Sulfamethoxazole-NO (SMX-NO) hydrate actis as a typical hapten and is capable of covalently modifying the MHC-peptide complex, can stimulate hapten-reactive T cells[1]. |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| MBS5796925-100mg | MyBiosource | 100(mg | 1305 EUR |
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| MBS5796925-5x100mg | MyBiosource | 5x100mg | 5710 EUR |
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| MBS5797637-500mg | MyBiosource | 500(mg | 1200 EUR |
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| MBS5797637-5x500mg | MyBiosource | 5x500(mg | 5255 EUR |
NO-Aspirin 1 |
|||
| N633000 | Toronto Research Chemicals | 25mg | 98 EUR |
|
Description: 175033-36-0 |
|||
FLASK-NO BAFFLE |
|||
| SS-5011 | IBI Scientific | 2.5L | 53.72 EUR |
|
Description: POLYPROPYLENE |
|||
FLASK-NO BAFFLE |
|||
| SS-2011 | IBI Scientific | 300ML | 32.09 EUR |
|
Description: POLYPROPYLENE |
|||
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| T36510-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| T36510-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
|
Description: V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| T36510-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| T36510-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
| T36510-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: V-PYRRO/NO |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| T35600-10mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 10mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Losartan A |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| T35600-1g | TargetMol Chemicals | 1g | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Losartan A |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| T35600-1mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 1mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Losartan A |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| T35600-50mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 50mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Losartan A |
|||
NO-Losartan A |
|||
| T35600-5mg | TargetMol Chemicals | 5mg | Ask for price |
|
Description: NO-Losartan A |
|||
Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose |
|||
| PT076-10X1L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 13.29 EUR |
|
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose |
|||
| PT076-25L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 24.61 EUR |
|
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose |
|||
| PT076-5L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 5.78 EUR |
|
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CMP07-001 | GenDepot | 10x1L | 118.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CMP07-010 | GenDepot | 10L | 100.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CMP07-050 | GenDepot | 50L | 170.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM007-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM007-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM007-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM007-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM007-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM009-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM009-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM009-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM009-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
|||
| CM009-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ |
|||
| PT129-10X1L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 9.8 EUR |
|
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ |
|||
| PT129-25L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 12.49 EUR |
|
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ |
|||
| PT129-5L | EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit | 4.26 EUR |
|
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar |
|||
Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.
We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.
We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.