Identifying trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services delivery for land-use decisions.

Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.

Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.

Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.

Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.

Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.

Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	165 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	205 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	317 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM007-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	585 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-050	GenDepot	500ml	74 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	165 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	205 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	317 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CM009-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	585 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-001	GenDepot	10x1L	99 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-010	GenDepot	10L	84 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate
CMP07-050	GenDepot	50L	142 EUR
2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098046	Abbexa	258.00 EUR 189.00 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098047	Abbexa	258.00 EUR 189.00 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098053	Abbexa	272.00 EUR 189.00 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands)
20-abx098054	Abbexa	300.00 EUR 203.00 EUR	2.5 ml 500 ul
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310010	GeneOn	1x500µl	133 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD
310011	GeneOn	5x500µl	511 EUR
1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP
MCT-150-NC	CORNING	500/pk	119 EUR
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen
CMV-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911a	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	349 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
EF1a-Luciferase (No marker)
LVP911b	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	349 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.
Sheep NO ELISA Kit
ESN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Anserini NO ELISA Kit
EAN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Rat NO ELISA Kit
ERN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Rabbit NO ELISA Kit
ERTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Monkey NO ELISA Kit
EMKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Mouse NO ELISA Kit
EMN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Porcine NO ELISA Kit
EPN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Human NO ELISA Kit
EHN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Chicken NO ELISA Kit
ECKN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Canine NO ELISA Kit
ECN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Bovine NO ELISA Kit
EBN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Goat NO ELISA Kit
EGTN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101278	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	964 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101290	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	949 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101412	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	964 EUR
Anti-NO-synthase antibody
STJ16101424	St John's Laboratory	50 µl	949 EUR
Ceraplex , No Phenol red
C3320-050	GenDepot	500ml	Ask for price
SEQ ID NO:549
5-01922	CHI Scientific	4 x 5mg	Ask for price
NO ELISA KIT|Human
EF007402	Lifescience Market	96 Tests	689 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310003	GeneOn	1x500 µl	120 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD
310004	GeneOn	5x500µl	459 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310005	GeneOn	1x500µl	120 EUR
GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD
310006	GeneOn	5x500µl	459 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310020	GeneOn	1x500µl	128 EUR
GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD
310021	GeneOn	5x500µl	459 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-050	GenDepot	500ml	85 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-300	GenDepot	6x500ml	165 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-310	GenDepot	10x500ml	219 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-320	GenDepot	20x500ml	340 EUR
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red
CM020-350	GenDepot	50x500ml	585 EUR
2.0ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR
MCT-200-NC	CORNING	500/pk	111 EUR
Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen
cellulose acetate unit (no accessories!)
EHCA1100-SYS	Consort	ea	606 EUR
Guinea Pig NO ELISA Kit
EGN0048	Abclonal	96Tests	521 EUR
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-05	Bioline	500 rxn	Ask for price
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit
QT650-20	Bioline	2000 rxn	Ask for price
Agar, Bacto , Cat No Changed
A2007-510	GenDepot	10Kg	2102 EUR
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86002/S	Bioline	Sample	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit
BIO-86020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit
BIO-98020	Bioline	2000 rxns	Ask for price
SEQ ID NO:549 Peptide
20-abx266211	Abbexa	439.00 EUR 718.00 EUR 328.00 EUR	10 mg 25 mg 5 mg
TARGATT? 3 (no promoter - MCS)
AST-3043	Applied StemCell	20 uL	275 EUR
Description: 12 month
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-10kg	Alphabiosciences	10 kg	1266 EUR
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-2Kg	Alphabiosciences	2 Kg	314 EUR
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2
B02-109-500g	Alphabiosciences	500 g	122 EUR
Rabbit Anti-Human Ferritin (H-chain) IgG # 3, aff pure (no azide/no bsa)
FERH13-AW	Alpha Diagnostics	100 ug	445 EUR
96 well filter plate (no filter)
SD5006-EMPTY	Bio Basic	12UNIT	87.41 EUR
Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
GA-E0152RB-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	326 EUR
Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
GA-E0152RB-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	524 EUR
Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0452MS-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	336 EUR
Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0452MS-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	534 EUR
Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0711RT-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	373 EUR
Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E0711RT-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	609 EUR
Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E1527HM-48T	GenAsia Biotech	48T	289 EUR
Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
GA-E1527HM-96T	GenAsia Biotech	96T	466 EUR
HotTaq Probe qPCR Mix (no ROX)
BT11002	Bioatlas	250rxn	109 EUR
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.
HotTaq EvaGreen qPCR Mix (no ROX)
BT11102	Bioatlas	250rxn	123 EUR
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.
HotTaq EvaGreen HRM Mix (no ROX)
BT11202	Bioatlas	250rxn	123 EUR
Description: High quality HotTaq polymerase for different PCR variations and downstream applications.
Human nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
201-12-1511	SunredBio	96 tests	440 EUR
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids.
Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
20-abx098862	Abbexa	398.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	200 rxns 50 rxns
Rabbit nitric oxide,NO ELISA Kit
QY-E30147	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	374 EUR
Chicken Nitric Oxide, NO ELISA Kit
QY-E80065	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	426 EUR
Rat nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E10941	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	361 EUR
Rat nitric oxide (NO) ELISA Kit
QY-E11842	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	374 EUR
Mouse nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E21092	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	361 EUR
Human nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E00533	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	361 EUR
TaqProbe 5X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-5PS	ABM	4 x 1.0 ml for 1000 reactions (20 ul)	213 EUR
BrightGreen 5X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-5S	ABM	4 x 1.0 ml for 1000 reactions (20 ul)	213 EUR
KiloGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-KS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml - 500 reactions (20 ul)	140 EUR
BrightGreen miRNA qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-mS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions	151 EUR
TaqProbe 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-PS	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	140 EUR
BrightGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-S	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	140 EUR
BrightGreen 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-S-XL	ABM	16 x 1.25 ml for 2000 reactions (20 ul)	376 EUR
SensiFAST Lyo-Ready No-ROX Mix, 2x
BIO-11060	Cusabio	10 x 10ml	Ask for price
hTERT (EF1a) lentivirus (No any antibiotic selection)
LVP1131	GenTarget	1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	349 EUR
Description: Premade lentivirus expressing human TERT gene under EF1a promoter. It does not contain any antibiotic selection.
CMV-Luciferase, in vivo read  (No Marker)
LVP911a-PBS	GenTarget	5x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	710 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), concentrated and provided in PBS solution
EF1a-Luciferase, in vivo read  (No Marker)
LVP911b-PBS	GenTarget	5x107 IFU/ml x 200ul	710 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), concentrated and provided in PBS solution
Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-10LT	Caisson Labs	10 L	101 EUR
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-10X1LT	Caisson Labs	10 x 1 L	105 EUR
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
Grace's With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
GIP05-50LT	Caisson Labs	50 L	230 EUR
Description: With L-glutamine. No sodium bicarbonate.
SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (No ROX)
HY-K0523	MedChemExpress	5 mL (500 rxns )	257 EUR
Anti Metallothionein Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1A12)
KA009	Sceti		596 EUR
Description: The Anti Metallothionein Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1A12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti AGEs Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 6D12)
KH001	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti AGEs Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 6D12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti Pyrraline Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. H12)
KH010	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti Pyrraline Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. H12) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti Nitrotyrosine Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.2H1)
KH036	Sceti		596 EUR
Description: The Anti Nitrotyrosine Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.2H1) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti PEDF Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.14K)
KM037	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti PEDF Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No.14K) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
SensiFAST Lyo-Ready No-ROX Mix, 2x
BIO-11061	Bioline	5ml	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-72001	Bioline	100 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-72005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-76001	Bioline	100 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX One-Step Kit
BIO-76005	Bioline	500 rxns	Ask for price
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Mix, 50 mL
BIO-86050	Bioline	5000 rxn	Ask for price
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Mix, 50 mL
BIO-98050	Bioline	5000 rxn	Ask for price
HBSS (10X), calcium, magnesium, no phenol red
CA137-050	GenDepot	500 ml	99 EUR
DMEM, High Glucose , Powder , No Sodiim bicarbonate
CMP02-001	GenDepot	10x1L	101 EUR
Bacteria Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
abx098240-50rxns	Abbexa	50 rxns	230 EUR
Plant Genomic DNA Kit(No RNase A)
20-abx098863	Abbexa	384.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	200 rxns 50 rxns
Blood Genomic DNA Kit (No RNase A)
20-abx098864	Abbexa	384.00 EUR 230.00 EUR	200 rxns 50 rxns
1000bp/1kb DNA ladder (no loading dye)
305-005	GeneOn	50µg/250µl	50 EUR
1000bp/1kb DNA ladder (no loading dye)
305-025	GeneOn	5x50µg	120 EUR
Recombinant purified human Ubiquitin protein (No-tag)
UBQ16-R	Alpha Diagnostics	1 mg	202 EUR
Recombinant purified human Ubiquitin protein (No-tag)
UBQ16-R-10	Alpha Diagnostics	10 mg	773 EUR
Porcine a nitric oxide (NO) ELISA Kit
QY-E40076	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	400 EUR
Guinea pig nitric oxide(NO)ELISA Kit
QY-E90054	Qayee Biotechnology	96T	478 EUR
One-Step BrightGreen qRT-PCR-No Dye
G471-S	ABM	100 rxn (20 ul/rxn)	158 EUR
One-Step TaqProbe qRT-PCR-No Dye
G493-PS	ABM	100 rxn (20 ul/rxn)	158 EUR
BrightGreen Express 2X qPCR MasterMix-No Dye
MasterMix-ES	ABM	4 x 1.25 ml for 500 reactions (20 ul)	140 EUR
Accuris qMax Probe No Rox qPCR Mix
PR2001-N-1000	Benchmark Scientific	1 PC	467.74 EUR
0.2ML THIN WALL PCR TUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR
PCR-02-NC	CORNING	1000/pk	318 EUR
Description: PCR Plates & Tubes; PCR Tubes - Axygen
OxiSelect Intracellular Nitric Oxide (NO) Assay Kit (Fluorometric)
STA-800	Cell Biolabs	96 assays	490 EUR
Description: The OxiSelect Intracellular Nitric Oxide Assay Kit is a cell-based assay for rapid detection of intracellular NO or NOS activity in cultured cells.  In brief, the cell-permeant NO probe passively diffuses into cells and is deacetylated by cellular esterases to a non-fluorescent intermediate.  When intracellular nitric oxide encounters this intermediate, it rapidly oxidizes to a highly fluorescent, triazolo-fluorescein analog.  The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the NO levels within the cell cytosol (detection limit of ~3 nM).  The kit?s provided Nitric Oxide Fluorometric Probe is NO specific, has excellent photostablity and pH stability, and is detected with standard fluorescein filters.  The probe is suitable for flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and fluorescent microplate detection.  Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 96 assays, including blanks, standards, and unknown samples.
OxiSelect Intracellular Nitric Oxide (NO) Assay Kit (Fluorometric)
STA-800-5	Cell Biolabs	5 x 96 assays	1923 EUR
Description: The OxiSelect Intracellular Nitric Oxide Assay Kit is a cell-based assay for rapid detection of intracellular NO or NOS activity in cultured cells.  In brief, the cell-permeant NO probe passively diffuses into cells and is deacetylated by cellular esterases to a non-fluorescent intermediate.  When intracellular nitric oxide encounters this intermediate, it rapidly oxidizes to a highly fluorescent, triazolo-fluorescein analog.  The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the NO levels within the cell cytosol (detection limit of ~3 nM).  The kit?s provided Nitric Oxide Fluorometric Probe is NO specific, has excellent photostablity and pH stability, and is detected with standard fluorescein filters.  The probe is suitable for flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and fluorescent microplate detection.  Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 96 assays, including blanks, standards, and unknown samples.
Anti Mouse GPR40 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. G16)
KG116	Sceti		766 EUR
Description: The Anti Mouse GPR40 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. G16) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti AGE-3 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 9D8)
KG122	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti AGE-3 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 9D8) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti AGE-1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 7C1)
KG132	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti AGE-1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 7C1) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti AGE-4 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 14B5)
KG133	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti AGE-4 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 14B5) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti Human RAGE Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1C5)
KG134	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti Human RAGE Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 1C5) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti Human GPR120 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 2B6)
KG138	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti Human GPR120 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 2B6) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.
Anti Human KOR Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 5E3)
KG139	Sceti		714 EUR
Description: The Anti Human KOR Monoclonal Antibody (Clone No. 5E3) is available in Europe and for worldwide shipping via Gentaur.

Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.

We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.

We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.