Identifying trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services delivery for land-use decisions.

Sustainable land-use management must account for the potential trade-offs between biodiversity conservation, productive land uses and ecosystem services. In this study, we used Marxan with Zones to generate land use plans that optimize conservation, farming and forestry land uses to reach biodiversity targets while minimizing the opportunity cost for local communities in an inhabited but data-poor National Park in the Andes of Bolivia.

Based on six alternative land-use plans, we identified the synergies and trade-offs between the biodiversity benefits achieved in the different plans and the delivery of four locally important water-related ecosystem services modeled with the web-based tool AguAAndes.

Although we find synergies between the conservation of high altitude Polylepis woodlands and their associated avifauna and three of the ecosystem services investigated, soil erosion levels were actually higher in scenarios with higher achieved biodiversity benefits.

Our study shows how systematic conservation planning and ecosystem service delivery modelling can be used to solve land-use conflicts and identify trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in a data-poor tropical area.

Biodiversity conservation through the lens of metacommunity ecology.

Metacommunity ecology combines local (e.g., environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional (e.g., dispersal and heterogeneity) processes to understand patterns of species abundance, occurrence, composition, and diversity across scales of space and time. As such, it has a great potential to generalize and synthesize our understanding of many ecological problems.

Indestructable Rubber Bands 88.9x3.2mm - PK675

FLY1324 Scientific Laboratory Supplies PK675 91.07 EUR

BH 100bp DNA Ladder RTU (11 bands, 100-1,500bps)

DM001-R500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 11 EUR

Indestructable Rubber Bands 50.8x3.2mm - PK1200

FLY1322 Scientific Laboratory Supplies PK1200 91.07 EUR

BH 100bp DNA Ladder H3 RTU (12 bands, 100-3,000bps)

DM003-R500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 11 EUR

BH 1Kb Plus DNA Ladder RTU (13 bands, 100-10,000bps)

DM015-R500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 11 EUR

SmartCheck™ Blue Protein Marker, 10 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul

PR5010-BL Benchmark Scientific 1 each 127.3 EUR

SmartCheck™ Blue Protein Marker, 11 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul

PR5011-BL Benchmark Scientific 1 each 131.6 EUR

OmniMARK 100 DNA Ladder RTU (12 bands, 100-3,000bps, fluorescent dye)

DMF12-0100 Bio-Helix 600 μl 13 EUR

OmniMARK 1K DNA Ladder RTU (13 bands, 100-10,000bps, fluorescent dye)

DMF13-0100 Bio-Helix 600 μl 13 EUR

100bp DNA Ladder, 100bp-1.5kb, 11 bands, 100ng/uL, 5uL/load

M7123-100Loads500uL Biomatik Corporation 100Loads (500uL) 36 EUR
Description: Biotechnology

1Kb DNA Ladder, 500bp-10kb, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load

M7508-100Loads500uL Biomatik Corporation 100Loads (500uL) 28 EUR
Description: Biotechnology

LMW DNA Ladder, 25bp-700bp, 10 bands, 104ng/uL, 5uL/load

M7101-100Loads500uL Biomatik Corporation 100Loads (500uL) 44 EUR
Description: Biotechnology

Blu10 Prestained Protein Ladder (10 pre-stained bands, 11-180 kDa)

PMB10-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 55 EUR

Blu12 Prestained Protein Ladder (12 pre-stained bands, 11-245 kDa)

PMB12-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 60 EUR

Blu13 Prestained Protein Ladder (13 pre-stained bands, 5-245 kDa)

PMB13-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 66 EUR

GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD

310010 GeneOn 1x500µl 159.6 EUR

GENE`s Protein Ladder Extended prestained, 13 bands, 5 - 245kD

310011 GeneOn 5x500µl 613.2 EUR

IRIS11 Prestained Protein Ladder (11 pre-stained bands, 3-260 kDa)

PMI11-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 45 EUR

GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD

310003 GeneOn 1x500 µl 144 EUR

GENE`s Protein Ladder PS10 PLUS prestained, 10 bands, 11 - 180kD

310004 GeneOn 5x500µl 550.8 EUR

GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD

310005 GeneOn 1x500µl 144 EUR

GENE`s Plus Protein Ladder PS11 prestained, 11 bands, 10 - 175kD

310006 GeneOn 5x500µl 550.8 EUR

50bp DNA Ladder Plus, 50bp-1kb, 13 bands, 128ng/uL, 5uL/load

M7115-100Loads500uL Biomatik Corporation 100Loads (500uL) 44 EUR
Description: Biotechnology

GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD

310020 GeneOn 1x500µl 153.6 EUR

GENE`s Protein Ladder Wide Range, prestained, 10 bands, 6,5 - 270kD

310021 GeneOn 5x500µl 550.8 EUR

SmartCheck™ Tri-color Protein Marker, 10 bands 9-180 kDA, 2x250ul

PR5010-TC Benchmark Scientific 1 each 148.63 EUR

Blu10 Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (10 pre-stained bands, 6.5-270 kDa)

PMB01-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 55 EUR

IRIS9 Plus Prestained Protein Ladder (9 pre-stained bands, 15-170 kDa)

PMI09-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 40 EUR

Flystuff (64-103) Indestructable Rubber Bands 44.4x1.6mm - PK2700

FLY1160 Scientific Laboratory Supplies PK2700 92.53 EUR

UNveil Unstained Protein Ladder, Broad Range (12 unstained bands, 10-200 kDa)

PMU12-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 35 EUR

Blu11 Prestained Protein Ladder (Single color, 11 pre-stained bands, 10-180 kDa)

PMB11-0500 Bio-Helix 500 μl 30 EUR

2K Plus DNA Marker (8 linear double-stranded DNA bands)

20-abx098046 Abbexa
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2K Plus DNA Marker (9 linear double-stranded DNA bands)

20-abx098047 Abbexa
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SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Protein Marker, 12 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul

PR5012-TC Benchmark Scientific 1 each 170.47 EUR

100bp Plus DNA Marker (12 linear double-stranded DNA bands)

20-abx098053 Abbexa
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100bp Plus DNA Marker (14 linear double-stranded DNA bands)

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SmartCheck™ Tri-color Extended Range Plus Protein Marker, 13 bands 9-245 kDA, 2x250ul

PR5013-TC Benchmark Scientific 1 each 183.55 EUR

Quick-Bands(SDS-PAGE), 3×

ES008 Shanghai WSHT Biotechnology 1000μL 12 EUR

Quick-Bands(Non-reducing gel), 3×

ES009 Shanghai WSHT Biotechnology 1000μL 12 EUR

Mouse NO(NO) ELISA Kit

EK20448 SAB 96Т 768 EUR

HBSS (10X), no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red

CA147-050 GenDepot 500 ml 118.8 EUR

Sign 300x500mm No Smoking/No .. - EACH

MS05529R Scientific Laboratory Supplies EACH 36.72 EUR

NO-Indomethacin

112091 MedKoo Biosciences 1.0mg 220 EUR

NO-prednisolone

T19480-10mg TargetMol Chemicals 10mg Ask for price
Description: NO-prednisolone

NO-prednisolone

T19480-1g TargetMol Chemicals 1g Ask for price
Description: NO-prednisolone

NO-prednisolone

T19480-1mg TargetMol Chemicals 1mg Ask for price
Description: NO-prednisolone

NO-prednisolone

T19480-50mg TargetMol Chemicals 50mg Ask for price
Description: NO-prednisolone

NO-prednisolone

T19480-5mg TargetMol Chemicals 5mg Ask for price
Description: NO-prednisolone

NO-711ME

T24540-10mg TargetMol Chemicals 10mg Ask for price
Description: NO-711ME

NO-711ME

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Description: NO-711ME

NO-711ME

T24540-1mg TargetMol Chemicals 1mg Ask for price
Description: NO-711ME

NO-711ME

T24540-50mg TargetMol Chemicals 50mg Ask for price
Description: NO-711ME

NO-711ME

T24540-5mg TargetMol Chemicals 5mg Ask for price
Description: NO-711ME

NO-Indomethacin

T36538-10mg TargetMol Chemicals 10mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Indomethacin

NO-Indomethacin

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Description: NO-Indomethacin

NO-Indomethacin

T36538-1mg TargetMol Chemicals 1mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Indomethacin

NO-Indomethacin

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NO-Indomethacin

T36538-5mg TargetMol Chemicals 5mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Indomethacin

NO-prednisolone

HY-101757 MedChemExpress 20mg 2043.6 EUR

Human(NO)

QY-E05308 Qayee Biotechnology 96T 433.2 EUR

NO-Aspirin

N633005 Toronto Research Chemicals 50mg 328 EUR
Description: 287118-97-2

Violet BN Salt C.I. No. 37165 (No ZnCl2)

V02760 Pfaltz & Bauer 5G 295.39 EUR

band 3 (band 3) Antibody

abx230798-100ug Abbexa 100 ug 610.8 EUR

Human Band 3 Protein, Band3 GENLISA ELISA

KBH4634 Krishgen 1 x 96 wells 286 EUR

No-Dye Stain

40140070-1 Glycomatrix 25 mL 53.99 EUR

No-Dye Stain

40140070-2 Glycomatrix 100 mL 125.36 EUR

NO-711 HCl

555355 MedKoo Biosciences 5.0mg 305 EUR

V-PYRRO/NO

T36510-10mg TargetMol Chemicals 10mg Ask for price
Description: V-PYRRO/NO

V-PYRRO/NO

T36510-1g TargetMol Chemicals 1g Ask for price
Description: V-PYRRO/NO

V-PYRRO/NO

T36510-1mg TargetMol Chemicals 1mg Ask for price
Description: V-PYRRO/NO

V-PYRRO/NO

T36510-50mg TargetMol Chemicals 50mg Ask for price
Description: V-PYRRO/NO

V-PYRRO/NO

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Description: V-PYRRO/NO

NO-Losartan A

T35600-10mg TargetMol Chemicals 10mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Losartan A

NO-Losartan A

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Description: NO-Losartan A

NO-Losartan A

T35600-1mg TargetMol Chemicals 1mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Losartan A

NO-Losartan A

T35600-50mg TargetMol Chemicals 50mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Losartan A

NO-Losartan A

T35600-5mg TargetMol Chemicals 5mg Ask for price
Description: NO-Losartan A

FLASK-NO BAFFLE

SS-2011 IBI Scientific 300ML 32.09 EUR
Description: POLYPROPYLENE

FLASK-NO BAFFLE

SS-5011 IBI Scientific 2.5L 53.72 EUR
Description: POLYPROPYLENE

NO-Aspirin 1

N633000 Toronto Research Chemicals 25mg 98 EUR
Description: 175033-36-0

Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose

PT076-10X1L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 13.29 EUR
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar

Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose

PT076-25L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 24.61 EUR
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar

Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose

PT076-5L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 5.78 EUR
Description: Banana Micropropagation Medium,w/ Vitamins;w/o NH₄NO₃, Sucrose & Agar

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM007-050 GenDepot 500ml 88.8 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM007-300 GenDepot 6x500ml 198 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM007-310 GenDepot 10x500ml 246 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM007-320 GenDepot 20x500ml 380.4 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM007-350 GenDepot 50x500ml 702 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM009-050 GenDepot 500ml 88.8 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM009-300 GenDepot 6x500ml 198 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM009-310 GenDepot 10x500ml 246 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM009-320 GenDepot 20x500ml 380.4 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CM009-350 GenDepot 50x500ml 702 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CMP07-001 GenDepot 10x1L 118.8 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CMP07-010 GenDepot 10L 100.8 EUR

DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate

CMP07-050 GenDepot 50L 170.4 EUR

Tropaeolin OOO No. 1 C.I. No.14600 - Carc._x000D__x000D__x000D_

T32645 Pfaltz & Bauer 25G 229.98 EUR

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½

PT129-10X1L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 9.8 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½

PT129-25L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 12.49 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½

PT129-5L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 4.26 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 10);w/ ½ NH₄NO₃ & ½ KNO₃;w/o Vitamins, Sucrose & Agar

Lovibond Ammonia No. 1 And No. 2 Tablets - PK500

WAT6308 Scientific Laboratory Supplies PK500 90.45 EUR

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO

PT092-10X1L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 11.23 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO₃, ½ CaCl₂ & Vitamins;w/o Sucrose & Agar

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO

PT092-25L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 15.16 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO₃, ½ CaCl₂ & Vitamins;w/o Sucrose & Agar

Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO

PT092-5L EWC Diagnostics 1 unit 4.89 EUR
Description: Murashige & Skoog Medium (Modification No. 7)w/ ½ NH₄NO₃, ½ KNO₃, ½ CaCl₂ & Vitamins;w/o Sucrose & Agar

Lovibond DPD No. 1 and DPD No. 3 Tablets - PK500

WAT6310 Scientific Laboratory Supplies PK500 54 EUR

EF1a control lentivirus (No Selection) EF1a control lentivirus (No Selection)

EF1a-Null- GenTarget 1 x10^7 IFU/ml x 200ul 206.5 EUR
Description: Negative control lentivirus under EF1a promoter, does not contain any antibiotic selection.

Boc-Arg(NO₂)-OH

4001219.0025 Bachem 25 g 197.4 EUR

Boc-Arg(NO₂)-OH

4001219.01 Bachem 100 g 690.9 EUR

Erioglaucine C.I. No. 42090

E01960 Pfaltz & Bauer 25G 192.28 EUR

Eosin C.I. No. 45380

E00910 Pfaltz & Bauer 100G 201.1 EUR

Porcine NO ELISA Kit

EPN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Rat NO ELISA Kit

ERN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Monkey NO ELISA Kit

EMKN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Mouse NO ELISA Kit

EMN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Rabbit NO ELISA Kit

ERTN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Sheep NO ELISA Kit

ESN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Fluorescein C.I. No. 45350_x000D__x000D_

F01840 Pfaltz & Bauer 500G 158.47 EUR

Goat NO ELISA Kit

EGTN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Anserini NO ELISA Kit

EAN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Chicken NO ELISA Kit

ECKN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Canine NO ELISA Kit

ECN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Bovine NO ELISA Kit

EBN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

NO ELISA KIT|Human

EF007402 Lifescience Market 96 Tests 826.8 EUR

Gallein C.I. No. 45445_x000D__x000D_

G00420 Pfaltz & Bauer 1G 157.21 EUR

Gallocyanine C.I. No. 51030

G00750 Pfaltz & Bauer 100G 170.9 EUR

Human NO ELISA Kit

EHN0048 Abclonal 96Tests 625.2 EUR

Calcon C.I. No. 15705

C01990 Pfaltz & Bauer 50G 125.35 EUR

Alpha MEM (no nucleosides)

C0013-25 Addexbio RT 500 mL Bottle 30 EUR

Alizarin C.I. No. 58000

A13040 Pfaltz & Bauer 100G 113.6 EUR

Anthrapurpurin C.I. No. 58255

A34100 Pfaltz & Bauer 100MG 170.8 EUR

Azoeosin C.I. No. 14710_x000D__x000D_

A37190 Pfaltz & Bauer 5G 181.28 EUR

Azophloxine C.I. No. 18050

A37410 Pfaltz & Bauer 5G 92.6 EUR

SEQ ID NO:549

5-01922 CHI Scientific 4 x 5mg Ask for price

TE671 Subline No.2

ABC-TC1226 AcceGen 1 vial Ask for price
Description: Species: human, Caucasian female 6 years old; Tumor: rhabdomyosarcoma; Derived from: TE671 (described as medulloblastoma, then confirmed as rhabdomyosarcoma, probably identical to RD).

Ceraplex , No Phenol red

C3320-050 GenDepot 500ml Ask for price

Carmine C.I. No. 75470

C05510 Pfaltz & Bauer 5G 191.06 EUR

Coerulein C.I. No. 45510

C24510 Pfaltz & Bauer 1G 72.1 EUR

HC Blue No. 8

H922350 Toronto Research Chemicals 500mg 1200 EUR
Description: 166377-62-4

Lacmoid C.I. No. 51400

L00030 Pfaltz & Bauer 1G 136.33 EUR

CMV-Luciferase (No marker)

LVP911a GenTarget 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul 418.8 EUR
Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene.

Here, we give an overview of how a metacommunity perspective can provide useful insights for conservation biology, which aims to understand and mitigate the effects of anthropogenic drivers that decrease population sizes, increase extinction probabilities, and threaten biodiversity.

We review four general metacommunity processes-environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift-and discuss how key anthropogenic drivers (e.g., habitat loss and fragmentation, and nonnative species) can alter these processes. We next describe how the patterns of interest in metacommunities (abundance, occupancy, and diversity) map onto issues at the heart of conservation biology, and describe cases where conservation biology benefits by taking a scale-explicit metacommunity perspective.

We conclude with some ways forward for including metacommunity perspectives into ideas of ecosystem functioning and services, as well as approaches to habitat management, preservation, and restoration.

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