In pursuit of socioeconomic development, many countries are expanding oil and mineral extraction into tropical forests. These activities seed access to remote, biologically rich areas, thereby endangering global biodiversity. Here we demonstrate that conservation solutions that effectively balance the protection of biodiversity and economic revenues are possible in biologically valuable regions.
Using spatial data on oil profits and predicted species and ecosystem extents, we optimise the protection of 741 terrestrial species and 20 ecosystems of the Ecuadorian Amazon, across a range of opportunity costs (i.e. sacrifices of extractive profit). For such an optimisation, giving up 5% of a year’s oil profits (US$ 221 million) allows for a protected area network that retains of an average of 65% of the extent of each species/ecosystem.
This performance far exceeds that of the network produced by simple land area optimisation which requires a sacrifice of approximately 40% of annual oil profits (US$ 1.7 billion), and uses only marginally less land, to achieve equivalent levels of ecological protection.
Applying spatial statistics to remotely sensed, historic deforestation data, we further focus the optimisation to areas most threatened by imminent forest loss. We identify Emergency Conservation Targets: areas that are essential to a cost-effective conservation reserve network and at imminent risk of destruction, thus requiring urgent and effective protection.
Governments should employ the methods presented here when considering extractive led development options, to responsibly manage the associated ecological-economic trade-offs and protect natural capital. Article Impact Statement: Governments controlling resource extraction from tropical forests can arrange production and conservation to retain biodiversity and profits. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Three ways to deliver a net positive impact with biodiversity offsets.
Biodiversity offsetting is the practice of using conservation actions such as habitat restoration, management or protection to compensate for ecological losses caused by development activity, including construction projects. The typical goal of offsetting is no net loss (NNL), which means that all ecological losses are compensated for by commensurate offset gains.
The focus of this work is a conceptual and methodological exploration of net positive impact (NPI), an ambitious goal that implies commitment to beyond NNL, and which has recently received increasing attention from both big business and environmental NGOs. We build upon three ways to deliver NPI:
(i) use of an additional NPI multiplier, (ii) using permanent offsets to deliver additional gains after NNL has first been reached during a shorter offset evaluation time interval, and a (iii) novel modification of the mitigation hierarchy so that gains from its traditional third step, onsite rehabilitation, can no longer be counted towards reduced offset requirements.
Lovibond Ammonia No. 1 And No. 2 Tablets |
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| WAT6308 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 67.26 EUR |
Set for pressure compensation for 4 port screw cap GL 18 GLS 80 |
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| 1160167 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 30.78 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM007-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM007-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM007-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM007-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM007-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM009-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 88.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM009-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM009-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 246 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM009-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 380.4 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose , No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CM009-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CMP07-001 | GenDepot | 10x1L | 118.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CMP07-010 | GenDepot | 10L | 100.8 EUR |
DMEM, High Glucose, No L-glutamine, No sodium pyruvate |
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| CMP07-050 | GenDepot | 50L | 170.4 EUR |
Lovibond DPD No. 1 and DPD No. 3 Tablets |
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| WAT6310 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 40.24 EUR |
Ceraplex , No Phenol red |
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| C3320-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | Ask for price |
Sheep NO ELISA Kit |
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| ESN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Human NO ELISA Kit |
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| EHN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Porcine NO ELISA Kit |
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| EPN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Monkey NO ELISA Kit |
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| EMKN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Mouse NO ELISA Kit |
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| EMN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Rat NO ELISA Kit |
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| ERN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Rabbit NO ELISA Kit |
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| ERTN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
SEQ ID NO:549 |
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| 5-01922 | CHI Scientific | 4 x 5mg | Ask for price |
1.5ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP |
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| MCT-150-NC | CORNING | 500/pk | 142.8 EUR |
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Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen |
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CMV-Luciferase (No marker) |
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| LVP911a | GenTarget | 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul | 418.8 EUR |
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Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under CMV promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene. |
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EF1a-Luciferase (No marker) |
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| LVP911b | GenTarget | 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul | 418.8 EUR |
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Description: Pre-made lentivirus express firefly luciferase under EF1a promoter (do not containing any antibiotic selection marker), provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene. |
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Goat NO ELISA Kit |
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| EGTN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Bovine NO ELISA Kit |
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| EBN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Anserini NO ELISA Kit |
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| EAN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
NO ELISA KIT|Human |
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| EF007402 | Lifescience Market | 96 Tests | 826.8 EUR |
Chicken NO ELISA Kit |
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| ECKN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Canine NO ELISA Kit |
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| ECN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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| STJ16101278 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1156.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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| STJ16101290 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1138.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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| STJ16101412 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1156.8 EUR |
Anti-NO-synthase antibody |
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| STJ16101424 | St John's Laboratory | 50 µl | 1138.8 EUR |
MacConkey Agar No.3 |
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MacConkey Agar No.3 |
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| MED1358 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 62.7 EUR |
Nutrient Broth No.2 |
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Sign 210x148mm No Admittance .. |
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Sign 300X300 No SmokingDrinki.. |
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Scalpel Disposable No 23 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 22A |
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Scalpel Disposable No 15 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 10 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 10A |
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Scalpel Disposable No 20 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 22 |
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Scalpel Disposable No 24 |
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Centrifuge 5920R no rotor |
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Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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Fehlings Solution No. 1 |
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Fehlings Solution No. 2 |
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Fehlings Solution No. 2 |
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| FS01025 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | 2.5L | 188.1 EUR |
Coverslip no.1 24x60mm |
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| BB024060A1 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 107.16 EUR |
Coverslips Cat No. 100030. |
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| 100030 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 27.36 EUR |
Set for pressure compensation 2 and 3 port screw cap incl. 0.2 ┴m membrane filter |
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| 1137799 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 30.78 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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| CM020-050 | GenDepot | 500ml | 102 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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| CM020-300 | GenDepot | 6x500ml | 198 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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| CM020-310 | GenDepot | 10x500ml | 262.8 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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| CM020-320 | GenDepot | 20x500ml | 408 EUR |
DMEM/Ham's F-12 (1:1 Mixture), No HEPES, No Phenol Red |
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| CM020-350 | GenDepot | 50x500ml | 702 EUR |
cellulose acetate unit (no accessories!) |
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| EHCA1100-SYS | Consort | ea | 727.2 EUR |
Agar, Bacto , Cat No Changed |
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| A2007-510 | GenDepot | 10Kg | 2522.4 EUR |
SEQ ID NO:549 Peptide |
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| 20-abx266211 | Abbexa |
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SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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| BIO-86002/S | Bioline | Sample | Ask for price |
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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| BIO-86005 | Bioline | 500 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST Probe No-ROX Kit |
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| BIO-86020 | Bioline | 2000 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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| BIO-98005 | Bioline | 500 rxns | Ask for price |
SensiFAST SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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| BIO-98020 | Bioline | 2000 rxns | Ask for price |
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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| B02-109-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | 1519.2 EUR |
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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| B02-109-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | 376.8 EUR |
BLOOD AGAR BASE NO.2 |
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| B02-109-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | 146.4 EUR |
TARGATT? 3 (no promoter - MCS) |
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| AST-3043 | Applied StemCell | 20 uL | 330 EUR |
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Description: 12 month |
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2.0ML MICROTUBES, NO CAP. CLEAR |
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| MCT-200-NC | CORNING | 500/pk | 133.2 EUR |
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Description: Micro Tubes; Micro Tubes Push Cap- Axygen |
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Guinea Pig NO ELISA Kit |
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| EGN0048 | Abclonal | 96Tests | 625.2 EUR |
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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| QT650-05 | Bioline | 500 rxn | Ask for price |
SensiMix SYBR No-ROX Kit |
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| QT650-20 | Bioline | 2000 rxn | Ask for price |
BMP71 Label Printer no Software |
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| LAB4542 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 978.12 EUR |
Blood Agar Base No.2 |
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| MED1368 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 71.82 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 20x20mm |
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| MIC3102 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 8.73 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 18x18mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1 20x20mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1 22x22mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1 24x24mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 18x18mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 20x20mm |
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| MIC3122 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x22mm |
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| MIC3124 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x24mm |
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| MIC3126 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 14.3 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 18x18mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 2 20x20mm |
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| MIC3132 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 10.43 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 2 22x22mm |
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| MIC3134 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK200 | 9.93 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x26mm |
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| MIC3200 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.36 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x32mm |
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| MIC3202 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x40mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 0 22x50mm |
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| MIC3206 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 11.69 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 0 22x64mm |
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| MIC3208 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 15.46 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x26mm |
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| MIC3220 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 5.83 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x32mm |
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| MIC3222 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 7.01 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x40mm |
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| MIC3224 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 8.89 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 22x50mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1 22x64mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1 24x32mm |
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Coverslips No 1 24x32mm Knittel |
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| MIC3230K | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK1000 | 88.92 EUR |
SLS Coverslips No 1 24x40mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x32mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x40mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 22x50mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x32mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 1.5 24x40mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 2 22x26mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 2 22x32mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 2 22x40mm |
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SLS Coverslips No 2 22x64mm |
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Sign 210x148mm No Entry Rigid |
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| ML01751R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 9.46 EUR |
Sign 210x148mm No Smoking Rig.. |
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| ML02051R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 9.46 EUR |
Sign 300x300mm No Smoking/Dri.. |
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| MS05428R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 22.22 EUR |
Sign 300x300mm No Smoking/Dri.. |
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| MS05428S | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 12.31 EUR |
Coverslip 13mm Round No. 1.5 |
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| NPC1613 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 5.81 EUR |
EV1500 peristaltic pump no tubes |
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| PUM1090 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1040.82 EUR |
Bijou 7ml No Label Sterile |
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| G189171 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK700 | 136.8 EUR |
PrintMate Cassette Yellow No Lid |
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| HIS3238 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK750 | 118.56 EUR |
PrintMate Cassette White No Lid |
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| HIS3240 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK750 | 144.78 EUR |
PrintMate Cassette Blue No Lid |
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| HIS3242 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK750 | 144.78 EUR |
Homogeniser Mini 0.1ml No Handle |
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| HOM3550 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 46.17 EUR |
Homogeniser Mini 1ml No Handle |
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| HOM3552 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 55.97 EUR |
Homogeniser Mini 3ml No Handle |
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| HOM3554 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 58.14 EUR |
Scalpel Handle No 3 120mm |
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Scalpel Handle No 4 130mm |
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Scalpel Handle No 7 160mm |
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Scalpel Handle No 4L 210mm |
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Duran Bottles 1000ml No Cap |
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Filter Paper No.1 55mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 70mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 90mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 110mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 125mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 150mm |
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Filter Paper No.1 185mm |
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Filter paper no.4 270mm |
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Whatman No 597 110mmFilter Paper |
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no.2 Diesel Fuel Oil |
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Sign 297x210mm Fire Action No.. |
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Sign 210x148mm Fire Action No.. |
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Sign 210x148mm No Naked Light.. |
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Sign 210x148mm No Smoking Leg.. |
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| PH05051R | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 9.46 EUR |
DPD No.1 Rapid Chlorine |
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| 511310BT | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 11.9 EUR |
Phosphate No.2 Low Range |
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| 513050BT | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK100 | 20.52 EUR |
28ml Glass No Label Container |
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| CON7508 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK500 | 277.7 EUR |
Capsule No Lid 52x42x18mm 25ml |
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| CX55218 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 45.6 EUR |
Simax Desiccator 150mm No Vacuum |
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Simax Desiccator 200mm No Vacuum |
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Simax Desiccator 250mm No Vacuum |
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Antibiotic Med No 3 500gm |
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| 224320 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 171 EUR |
Flask Carrier 100ml No Handle |
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| 25000634 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 175.56 EUR |
Sterile universal 30ml no label |
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| 128A/IRR | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK400 | 174.42 EUR |
Arium Bagtank 20lt No Pump |
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| WAT4268 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1007.76 EUR |
Arium Bagtank 50lt No Pump |
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| WAT4271 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1397.64 EUR |
Arium Bagtank 100lt No Pump |
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| WAT4272 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | 1828.56 EUR |
Container 7ml ps no label |
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Select 150ml Container No Label |
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Select 250ml Container No Label |
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Bung Silicone Solid No 3 |
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Bung Silicone Solid No 11 |
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| STO5416 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 12.11 EUR |
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Bung Silicone Solid No 15 |
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| STO5420 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | 23.19 EUR |
The outcome from these three factors is that for the same ecological damage, larger offsets will be required than before, and earlier, thereby necessarily improving the success expected from offsets. As a corollary, we show how offsets really are NNL only at one ephemeral point in time, before which they are net negative and after which they turn into either net positive impact or net negative impact, depending on whether permanent offsets are combined with partially temporary losses or if temporary offset gains are combined with partially permanent losses. While we provide operational guidance on how to achieve NPI, it should be understood that achieving it is fully conditional on prior achievement of NNL, and offsets have indeed been frequently observed to fail due to inadequate policy requirements, incompetent planning or incomplete implementation.